Patriotism and Symbols of Hate

While the rest of us were celebrating Veterans Day, someone drew a swastika on the chalkboard in the student center at my university. There are arguments over who drew the symbol and what it means. Many students assume the swastika is related to other white supremacist propaganda that sprang up recently on campus. The College Republicans issued a statement saying it was a liberal false-flag operation. Regardless of who is to blame, this symbol of hate hurts the whole community.

My family and I are not the direct targets of white supremacy. I can only imagine how people who are the direct targets must feel right now. I do feel hurt and betrayed by the use of this symbol, though, on behalf of other members of my community and as a proud American.

Grandpa Cunningham in Germany, 1947

Both of my grandfathers were part of the World War II war effort, as were both of my husband's grandfathers. My maternal grandfather was a career Air Force officer who spent most of the war in Ohio but was sent to Germany and France soon after to help with the reconstruction of those nations. He saw first-hand the destruction the Nazis had wrought. He left behind a young family (my mother was just an infant) in order to serve his country.

My paternal grandfather was a Marine. He stormed the beaches in the South Pacific and fought in well-known battles like Guadalcanal and the invasion of Okinawa. He literally went through hell, and would later say that the only thing that got him through that war was the knowledge that, if the U.S. won, his sons would not have to fight it again. He first son, my father, was born while my grandfather was fighting overseas. He did not meet him until a year later.

Grandpa Dean, just before he left for WWII

My husband's maternal grandfather was an Army doctor in Michigan. His father's father was on submarine crews in the Atlantic. [UPDATE: My apologies, but I got this wrong. My husband's maternal grandfather was stationed in Michigan for part of the war but spent part of it in the South Pacific. He was certainly in New Guinea at one point. His paternal grandfather's submarine duty was also in the South Pacific, not the Atlantic.] They sacrificed so much. It sickens me to think that some punk kid whose greatest sacrifice has probably been using an older-model smart phone would draw the symbol of their defeated enemies on a chalkboard.

I don't usually consider our students to be entitled or bratty. I'm making an exception for this one. Similarly, I don't usually believe in significant differences between the generations, but in this case I can't believe that any Millennial (or GenXer or Baby Boomer) who would draw that symbol is worthy to kiss my grandfathers' boots, or those of any member of the Greatest Generation who gave so much to free our country and others of that taint of fascism.

I blogged last time about Hiram Brattain, my only direct ancestor to fight in the Civil War. I feel similarly about the symbolism of the Confederate flag. With all due respect to those who have Southern ancestry (as I do myself), that flag is a sign of treason. Our nation went through unspeakable horror to remain an undivided nation and rid ourselves of slavery. Whenever I see the Confederate flag flying, especially here in the North, I'm literally sickened that the descendants of men and women who gave, in Lincoln's words, "the last full measure of devotion...that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from this earth," would display such absolute contempt for their ancestors and our country.

Hiram Brattain and the Civil War

This Veterans Day weekend, I was reading Battle Cry of Freedom by James McPherson. It's an excellent, highly readable history of the Civil War. I strongly recommend it.

It started me thinking about our family's relationship to the Civil War. Although I've blogged before lateral relatives who fought for the South, as far as I know, my only direct ancestor to fight in the war was Hiram B. Brattain, who fought for the Union. He would have been my 3xgreat-grandfather. I've found two published accounts of his service. The first, reproduced here, comes from a book called Those I Have Met or Boys in Blue, written by Samuel Harden in 1888. The following excerpt is from pages 104-105:

about some

H. B. BRATTAIN   Was my Second Lieutenant in Company H, 69th Indiana Volunteers, and I first became acquainted with him in August, 1862. He was born in Wayne county, Indiana, near Boston, six miles South of Richmond, October 23, 1832, and was married to Miss Louisa Wiseheart May 28, 1853, at Mechanicsburg, Henry county, Indiana. Of this union the following children have been born: Miss S. J. Brattain, married to J. P. Deane, of Des Moines, Iowa; Miss C. A. Brattain, married to Edwin Fulton, of Lynchburg, Ohio; Miss M. A. Brattain, married Frank Castle of Alexandria, Indiana; C. A. Brattain, married to Allia Herron, of Alexandria, Indiana; J. C. F. Brattain, married to Indiana Howard, of Alexandria; J. B. Brattain, resides at Elkhart, Indiana; Will Brattain, resides at Middletown, Indiana, and Frankie E. Brattain, deceased. 

Mr. Brattain came to Madison county in 1835, where his father entered land four miles South of Fishersburg. Here he remained many years, when he removed to Henry county. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted in Company F, 8th Indiana Volunteers (three months service) and participated in the battle of Rich Mountain, West Virginia. At the expiration of his term of service, he re-enlisted in Company H, 69th Indiana Volunteers, July, 1862, and was elected and commissioned Second Lieutenant of that company; was in the battle of Richmond, Kentucky, and resigned at Memphis, Tennessee, December 20th, on account of ill health. 

He was made a Mason at Clarksville, Indiana, in 1853, and an Odd Fellow at Middletown in 1863. He is a member of Lew Tyler Post G.A.R. at Alexandria. I have known Mr. Brattain for many years, at home and in the field, and he was never found wanting in an emergency. He was a brave man and a good officer, and well liked by his comrades. He now resides in Middletown, Indiana, where he and his estimable lady belong to the Methodist Church, and are held in the highest esteem.

The second source that describes Hiram Brattain's service was History of Henry County, Indiana, written by George Hazzard in 1906. The following excerpt was found on pages 257-258:

HIRAM B. BRATTAIN
Hiram B. Brattain, husband of Philander Wisehart's elder sister, Louisa, was also a soldier of the Civil War. He was a private in the same company and regiment as Philander Wisehart, and when the latter received his death wound at Rich Mountain, he was present and received from him his dying words, "Tell mother I am willing to die and feel that all is well." The regiment was mustered out of service on August 6, 1861, and Mr. Brattain returned home where he remained until Aug 8, 1862, when he was commissioned Second Lieutenant of Company H, 69th Indiana Infantry. He was mustered into the service of the United States, August 12, 1862, and on the 19th of the same month departed for the front with his regiment. On August 30, 1862, at the battle of Richmond, Kentucky, the regiment was terribly cut up and a large part of it captured. After exchange, the regiment was re-organized, but Lieutenant Brattain was compelled by increasing disability to resign March 27, 1863. He returned to Middletown, where he has since lived, enjoying the confidence and respect of his fellow citizens."

The Union forever! Hurrah, boys, hurrah! 

Ernest Justus Hancock

Edward, Earnest, and James Hancock
No date on the photo, but must be in the early to mid 1860s

This is part 3 of my series on my great-great grandparents. Ernest Justus "E.J." Hancock, and his wife, Julia Etta Kinney, could not have been more different from the subjects of my first two posts, David and Jennie (Brattain) Dean, although their children married. The Deans and Brattains were descendants of Midwestern farmers, from families that been earlier colonizers of the areas that had been conquered from Native peoples in Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa. In some cases, earlier generations of Deans/Brattains had left the South because of their opposition to slavery. The Brattains, for example, were original Quaker. Some members of both families were active members of the abolitionist movement. Although their lineages included Revolutionary War soldiers and other brave and resourceful men and women, they didn't come from a background of particular wealth or fame.

The Hancocks and Kinneys, on the other hand, came from older and more patrician stock. They were descendants of the Jamestown and Plymouth colonists, respectively, with all of the positives and negatives such descent implies. Ernest and Julia met and married in the state of Washington, as some of the first members of their family to leave Virginia or New England.

Ned, Ammon, Ernest, Charlotte, and Lilly Hancock
Around 1865 (Lilly was born May 1864)

Ernest Justus "E.J." Hancock was born November 24, 1854, in Lynchburg, Virginia, the son of Ammon Goode and Elizabeth Charlotte (Hewitt) Hancock. I won't write much about his childhood because I discussed his father in great detail in an earlier post. Suffice to say, he was born seven years before the start of the Civil War into a family with a tobacco factory, large tobacco plantations and, therefore, they had enslaved a large number of people. The Hancocks were wealthy. E.J.'s father had to petition President Johnson for a pardon in 1865 because he owned more than $20,000 in property. I don't know exactly how much his father was worth, but $20,000 in 1865 is worth nearly $300,000 today. In other words, the Hancocks were one of the families whose wealth was based on forced labor, who had the most to gain by keeping their workers enslaved, and who were in a position to finance the fight to maintain the slave economy. Although E.J. and his siblings were too young, and his father was apparently too old, several of their cousins were officers in the Confederate army.

Despite Gone-With-the-Wind-inspired fantasies of poor white folks devastated by war (a war, remember, that they had started because labor extracted through terror was cheaper than paying people), the Hancocks were clearly well off after the war. Undoubtedly, some of their wealth was lost, (wealth, again, extracted through violence from the bodies of enslaved people), but in 1870, they were still living in the same house, still owned the same tobacco factory, still owned at least some tobacco plantations (I'm not sure about all of them), and still employed Black servants (1). Ernest. and his brothers could afford to go to college; both Ernest and his younger brother, Ned, attended the Virginia Military Institute, matriculating in 1875. Ned graduated in 1879, but E.J. left the university without graduating and moved west to Coupeville, Washington (2).

Why did he go there? His uncle, Samuel Hancock was on Whidbey Island by 1860, and in the Pacific Northwest significantly earlier (3). Another uncle, Francis "Frank" Hancock, who was married to Hester Hewett, likely a cousin of E.J.'s mother,  lived there from 1862-1870, before moving to Stillaguamish flats (4). Presumably, the good reports from his family, and having a support network already in the region, inspired Ernest's choice of location.

Aloha Farm in 1899. The people are E.J., Julia, and Vera Hancock.
The woman in the center was a local teacher.

According to his profile in An Illustrated History of the State of Washington by Harvey Kimball Hines, (published 1893, p. 568), Ernest moved to Washington in 1879, then returned to Virginia in 1881. He apparently spent the next couple of years making arrangements for a permanent move back to Washington, which took place in 1883. He bought 45 acres on Whidbey Island and built Aloha Farm. My great-aunt Lillian, his granddaughter, wrote that the family no longer remembers why the farm was named "Aloha". E.J.'s wife, however, had some connections to Hawai'i, so it's possible that the farm got its name after their marriage.

There were plenty of racial tensions in Washington, just as there had been in Virginia. Most centered around the status of Chinese immigrants. Like many immigrant groups, the Chinese community on the west coast met with social and political barriers put up by white Americans. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the most significant anti-Chinese legislation of American history. Interestingly, Ernest denounced the Act, writing, "The Chinese, by industry, pay strict attention to their own business, and studying their employers' interest, have created a demand for their labor, and it is only justice that they be allowed to fill the demand." (6).

Justus, Virgil, and Vera Hancock, who all miraculously
survived to adulthood

Ernest married Julia Etta Kinney on March 3, 1886. Julia has a fascinating history of her own, which I'll discuss in another blog post. Genealogically speaking, though, their marriage combined the Hancock's First Families of Virginia line (going back to Jamestown) with the Kinney's Great Puritan Migration lineage (going back to the Mayflower). Ernest and Julia had four children. Their three sons were Eugene Ammon, Justus "Jut" Lee [that Lee middle name just kills me], and Virgil Kinney. Their only daughter, Vera Houghton, was my great-grandmother. 

Ernest. was clearly successful in Whidbey Island, no doubt helped along by his family's ill-gotten money. He was one of the founders of the Island County Bank of Coupeville in 1892, and elected its first vice-president. Unfortunately, the bank closed in 1893, when "the cashier absconded with the funds, spending them in the 'most disreputable dives in Seattle'" (7). The bank building itself still stands, however. Ernest also owned "an immense amount of city property, and [had] many other profitable investments" (5) in addition to Aloha Farm. 

Ernest died on August 1, 1924, in Coupeville. He was 69 years old.
_______
References:

1) "United States Census, 1870," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLK-NVT : accessed 25 September 2015), S G Hancock, Virginia, United States; citing p. 62, family 468, NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 553,137.

2) VMI Roster Archives, available here: http://archivesweb.vmi.edu/rosters/index.php?LastName=Hancock&FirstName=&VMIClass=&keyword=

3) https://qmackie.com/2010/02/20/samuel-hancock-witnesses-smallpox-among-the-makah-1853/

4)  http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=98503324

5) An Illustrated History of the State of Washington by Harvey Kimball Hines, 1893, p. 568

6) quoted in Coupeville, by Judy Lynn, Kay Foss, and the Island County Historical Society.. . Arcadia Publishing, 2012.

7) Self-Guided Walking Tour of Historic Coupeville - National Park Service

Sarah Jane "Jennie" Brattain Dean

This is a continuation of my series of posts on my great-great-grandparents. Last time, I wrote about David Philip Dean. This post is about his wife, Jennie Brattain.

Sarah Jane Brattain, known as "Sally" or "Jennie", was born November 7, 1855. I had always heard the name pronounced as "Bruh-TAYN", but on-line sources suggest it's usually rhymes with "satin". I don't know if our family line pronounced it differently than others, or if her maiden name came down through the generations with an incorrect pronunciation. In the census of 1860, the family name was spelled "Bratton", suggesting the census worker, at least, heard it more like the "satin" pronunciation (1).

Jennie was the eldest child of Hiram and Louisa May Wisehart Brattain. Unlike her husband, who was born in an area that had only recently been conquered for white settlement, Jennie grew up in an area that was already well integrated into the United States. Indiana had been a state since 1816. Both of Jennie's parents had been born in Indiana and came from families that had moved there from the South in the 1820s or 30s. Family records claimed Jennie was born in Alexandria, Indiana, however, I cannot confirm that with primary documentation. Her family was living in Alexandria in 1880 (2), and perhaps they had been there at the time of her birth, but my first record of the family is in the 1860 census, when they were living in Fall Creek Township, Henry County, Indiana (1). This is where Louisa grew up and where many of her siblings lived.

Jennie was born six years before the start of the Civil War, in which her father served. Hiram Brattain joined Company F, 8th Indiana Volunteers, at the beginning of the war. Later that summer, he fought in the battle of Rich Mountain, West Virginia, where his brother-in-law, Jennie's uncle Philander Wisehart, died in his arms. His regiment mustered out of service on August 6, 1861. Hiram remained in Indiana until August of 1862 when he was commissioned as second lieutenant of Company H, 69th Indiana Infantry, just in time to fight in the battle of Richmond, Kentucky, one of the most complete Union defeats of the war. Most of the men in his regiment were captured by the Confederates, but he luckily escaped. He served until March 27, 1863, when he was forced to resign for health reasons (3).

I can imagine it was a difficult time for Jennie, with her father away and her mother left to manage Jennie and her younger siblings, Augustus and Catherine. (Eventually, the couple had a total of eight children). Luckily, her mother's family was nearby, and her father's family was not much farther. Her father had a farm in those early years, but after the war they relocated to Middleton, Indiana, where in 1870 Hiram listed his occupation as "druggist" (4), and in 1880 as "running sawmill" (5) (Clearly, the degree of specialization required to be a druggist was not what it is now.)

Jennie married David Philip Dean on August 22, 1876, in Des Moines, Iowa, at the age of twenty (6). One mystery I have yet to solve: how did they meet? Did Jennie spend some time in Iowa? Her father had lived there briefly as a child, so perhaps he had friends or relatives there with whom she was staying? Or did David travel to Indiana? This seems more likely. David's maternal grandfather, Philip Welsheimer, lived in Ohio, but he had bought land for his sons in Indiana. David had several Welsheimer uncles in northern Indiana in the 1870s. Perhaps he went to visit or to work for one of them and met Jennie while there? Regardless, they were married in Iowa, not Indiana.

I wrote about their married life and their large family in my previous blog post. I won't repeat it here. I will end with one more mystery, however. Jennie is buried in Coupeville, Washington, next to her husband. According to her Find-A-Grave site, she died March 27, 1919, in Seattle. However, I can find no death certificate or other proof that she died in Washington and not in Iowa. If she did die in Washington, she must have done so very soon after moving there.

[Update]: I guess I just hadn't looked recently for her death certificate. I can't find an image of the original, but FamilySearch has the record for Sarah J. Dean, daughter of Hiram Brattain and Louise Wisehart, dying in Seattle, Washington, March 27, 1919. No cause of death is available in the index record, at least.

_____
References:

1) "United States Census, 1860," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M4FB-NF3 : accessed 27 August 2015), Hiram Bratton, Fall Creek Township, Henry, Indiana, United States; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing p. 126, household ID 74, NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 803,266.

2) "United States Census, 1880," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MH9K-VRN : accessed 27 August 2015), Hiram Brattans, Alexandria, Madison, Indiana, United States; citing enumeration district 21, sheet 103B, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 0293; FHL microfilm 1,254,293.

3) Harden, Samuel. 1888. Those I Have Met, or Boys in Blue. William Mitchell, Publisher. Available On-line here: http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/inauthors/view?docId=VAC2091&brand=ia-books

4)  "United States Census, 1870," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXXT-VMF : accessed 27 August 2015), Hiram B Brattain, Indiana, United States; citing p. 13, family 100, NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 545,822.

5) "United States Census, 1880," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MH9K-VRN : accessed 27 August 2015), Hiram Brattans, Alexandria, Madison, Indiana, United States; citing enumeration district 21, sheet 103B, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 0293; FHL microfilm 1,254,293.

6) "Iowa, County Marriages, 1838-1934," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/XJFP-Z8X : accessed 11 January 2015), David P. Dean and Sarah Brattian, 22 Aug 1876; citing Des Moines, Polk, Iowa, United States, county courthouses, Iowa.

Hancocks in their own words

I mentioned in my biographical sketch of Ammon Goode Hancock that he had written a petition to then-President Johnson asking for an official pardon for, essentially, being rich while in the Confederacy. I wanted to post a transcription of that petition, and this seems like a good time to also post the contents of a couple of letters written to Ammon's wife, Charlotte Hewitt Hancock, by her nephews, during the Civil War. Without any further ado, here are the Hancocks (and Hewitts) in their own words...

Lynchburg, Va, in 1875

To his Excellency Andrew Johnson, President of the United States of America.

The Petition of Ammon G. Hancock, of the City of Lynchburg and State of Virginia, respectfully represents:

That he is a native of the County of Bedford, Va, is fifty years of age and has been a resident of said city for the last twenty years, engaged in the business of buying and selling Tobacco. He has at no held (sp.) time held any political office and [illegible] of any kind except that of Justice of the Peace for the County of Campbell. He has had no connection with the army of the Confederacy in any way or held any position of profit or trust under its government. He was not aware that he had subjected himself to any penalties by any thing he has done or omitted during the Rebellion. He accepted the overthrow of the Confederacy as an accomplished fact after the surrender of Genl. Lee, and designed to embrace the first opportunity of declaring his allegiance to the Government of the United States. Accordingly on the 26th of May last, he took the amnesty oath under the Proclamation of President Lincoln of the 8th of Dec. 1863, and supposed that by so doing he was re-instated to all his rights and immunities as a loyal citizen of the United States. He promised, if he had incurred penalties, that amnesty was afforded by the bona fide taking of that oath and meeting the obligations imposed by it – which he honestly intended [intends?] to do.

But he is advised, that being the owner of more than $20,000 worth of taxable property, it is safer for him to obtain, by special applications to your Excellency, a warrant of Pardon, so as to assure him in his rights of property and enable him to peaceably to enjoy it. As a condition precedent, he is willing to [illegible] all right and title to the slaves heretofore owned by him and let them at liberty.

The premices (sp.) considered, your Petitioner respectfully asks your Excellency to grant him a special warrant of Pardon under the provision of the Proclamation of the 19th of May last, so that in all things he may be fully restored to his rights and immunities as a loyal citizen of the United States.

And as in duty, etc., etc.

A.G. Hancock
Of the City of Lynchburg
17th day of June 1865



Letter from Virgil Hewitt to Charlotte Hewitt Hancock. Virgil was the third son of Robert Hewitt, Charlotte Hewitt Hancock's brother, and his wife (and first cousin) Elizabeth Chastain. Robert and Elizabeth Hewitt settled in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, where Charlotte's father had moved long before the war. He was a well-educated man who ran a school and the family was prominent in Kentucky. We have letters preserved from three of the four sons. This one is from Virgil, who served with General Helm in the first year of the war, He was promoted to first lieutenant and adjutant to the Sixth Kentucky regiment in October of 1863. He fought at Murfreesboro, Jackson, Chickamauga, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, and then was wounded in Dallas, Georgia during the Atlanta Campaign (May 26, 1864). He returned to fight at the battle of Intrenchment Creek, another battle for Atlanta at the end of July, but was so severely wounded there that he was out for the remainder of the war.

Camp near Tyners Station(1)
October 30, 1863

My dear Aunt,

You must always look over any delay in answering your letters, for a soldier's life, as you are aware, is decidedly wandering and uncertain. Your kind and interesting letter came to hand after the Battle of Chickamauga. It would have been answered immediately but we were bivouacking around Chattanooga with no tents or shelter or any baggage whatever with us. We were of course entirely devoid of any materials for writing.

We are now very comfortably fixed, having some fires to protect us from the weather. It is now pouring down rain. The pattering of the rain upon the tent has a dreary, lonely sound and makes me sick for home and its comforts. Such longings are vain and fruitless of course and I always dismiss them from my mind but it is perfectly natural that one should long for home occasionally, but oft as we are from the pleasures of ladies' society and their refining influences. I know you would be shocked at my behavior were I to visit you now, for one almost becomes a savage from associating with none but soldiers for eighteen months. I think that with your good teaching and kind influence I would soon become civilized and presentable to ladies. Do you not think so? I wish I could have an opportunity of being trained by you for a month or so. It would be quite pleasant to me.

Battle of Chickamauga by Kurtz and Allison

The Battle of Chickamauga was bloody and decisive. It was a complete and utter rout of the enemy. The fight lasted two days - Saturday 19th and Sunday 20th. On Saturday our Brigade was posted on extreme left of our line and was engaged in attracting the attention of the enemy whilst the main attack was made on the right. There is something grand and sublime in an artillery fight. The cannon belching forth, every discharge a perfect hail of shell and shot, carrying death along with it, whilst the thundering report echoed and re-echoed among the neighboring mountains. Whilst we were in the midst of the fight we received orders to march to the extreme right. This was about 4p.m. We immediately withdrew and proceeded as ordered. As we neared the right wing of our army the deadly war of rocketry and the wounded coming to the rear told us plainly that a terrible conflict was then progressing and that each volley sent a spirit back to its creator. Oh, how solemn a scene is a battle field. To think that every second an immortal soul wings its flight to an unknown and untried reality [illegible]. It is sad, sad, sad. It was dark when we arrived upon the battle field. As we marched we passed hospital after hospital of our wounded and met them in large numbers hobbling off the field. It was really amusing to hear their replies to questions asked by our boys as we passed. One fellow in particular I remember - a tall, strapping fellow - was limping to the rear. I asked him if he was wounded, to which he replied in the negative. I then asked him what was the matter. In a very piteous tone he informed me that he had been knocked down by a bomb. The tale was so ridiculous that I burst out laughing right there - the idea of a man being knocked down by a bomb shell and not wounded. I knew immediately that he was scared.

We built large fires that night for the air was very chilly. Ere retiring for our bed upon Mother Earth, Fayette(2) came from Headquarters to see me. We talked a short time and parted about 10. No one can imagine one's feelings upon retiring to bed at night upon a battle field with the certainty of a desperate conflict on the morrow. The heavers were filled with bright starts which seemed to look solemnly down upon the bloody scene. I gazed upward at them and wondered if I would have the pleasure of doing likewise on tomorrow night. Then my mind sped away to loved ones at home. Oh, what a pleasure to sit by Ma's side tonight with my head resting on her lap whilst I gazed into those eyes which so often beamed upon me with a mother's love. Such a pleasure would certainly make me strong for the conflict tomorrow. Then I saw her kneeling in prayer as she retired and I knew she was praying for her absent sons. With such thoughts as these floating through my mind, I sank to sleep on the night preceding the bloody fight of Sunday at Chickamauga.

About 3 a.m. we were aroused by the stirring notes of the drums and soon all were ready. It was yet dark and very chilly. We had to march a mile or more yet to gain our position in line of battle, which we reached about daylight. Here we remained inactive until 10 a.m., when Gen. Breckenridge(3) rode down our line and informed us that in five minutes we would begin the fight and he wanted us to carry everything before us. In five minutes the signal gun was fired and before its report had died away the command "Forward [illegible] center, march!" was given. At that command the boys marched steadily forward for five or six hundred yards, when the enemy met us. First came an occasional shot from a skirmisher, then often and more often the bullets came until there was one deafening roar from one end of our line to the other. The brave fellows fell fast but on we marched. The battle raged with terrific fury for several hours, when there was a cessation at sundown. We renewed it and completely routed the enemy. They fled in every direction. Thus ended the Battle of Chickamauga.

I thanked God for the preservation of my own life and Fayette's. Fayette has gone to the hospital sick. I have not heard from him since he left. I miss him so much. I would be miserable without him in the army. He is much sick.

My love to Uncle Ammon and Uncle Wils, also to Tex, Brud, and your children (4). I would like so much to see all of you but that pleasure is denied me.

Write soon to your devoted nephew.

V.

Direct to Chattanooga
Virgil Hewitt


Notes:
(1) Tyners Station is today Tyner, Tennessee, and is within the city limits of Chattanooga. The Battle of Chickamauga, described here, had taken place September 19-20, 1863. The first of the Battles of Chattanooga began in October and continued until the end of November.

(2) Fayette Hewitt, eldest son of Robert and Eliza (Chastain) Hewitt. Fayette served adjutant-general in the trans-Mississippi department under "President" Davis, and then under General Breckenridge. See his letter below.

(3) Major General John C. Breckenridge, commanded one of the divisions on the right wing, under Lt. General Leonidas Polk.

(4) Uncle Ammon is Ammon Hancock, Charlotte Hewitt Hancock's husband. Uncle Wils is Wilson C. Hewitt, one of Charlotte Hewitt Hancock's older brothers. No idea who Tex and Brud are.

Fayette Hewitt
 (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6101155/fayette-hewitt)

Letter from Fayette Hewitt to Charlotte Hewitt Hancock. Fayette was the eldest son of Robert and Eliza Chastain Hewitt. He was appointed adjutant-general in the trans-Mississippi department by "President" Davis, under General Breckenridge (see Virgil's letter above).

Headquarters(1)
Jan. 15, 1864

Dear Aunt,

Your letter announcing the sending of the second box was not received for some time after it was due. Since it came to hand I have been so busy - the general big attack on Richmond - that I have not had time to write to you. The first box was received shortly after I wrote you last - the other has not yet come to hand. I am sorry Uncle Wils(2) went to so much trouble to get the boots and overcoat. I would have written to him not to buy them but I did not know whether it would reach him. I believe I wrote you at one time to tell him I could get along without an overcoat and afterwards that he need not get the boots. I had no idea he would have to go away from home for them. I thought perhaps he could get me a pair made in Bedford County(3) without any trouble and I had just paid $150 for a pair of shoes and they asked $250(4) for boots - I thought I might save a little by getting them made in the county somewhere. But I had no idea of putting you and Uncle Wils to the trouble you have been in getting the articles I asked for and I am very sorry you did so, for I might have gotten them here.

I have had a long letter from Fox(5) telling me how he has been enjoying himself with you all. I should have liked very much to have taken my Christmas dinner with you. As it was I had to content myself with [illegible] beef and corn bread. I have no doubt it was a great treat for Fox to get with you once more, for I expect he does not live very famously in Richmond now since the present high prices for provisions.

I have just stopped to read a long letter from Fox enclosing a couple of letters from home. All well - Hannibal(6) talks a great deal about the little negroes (sp, 7), the dogs and the canary bird. I should not be surprised at all if he were to send in his next letter the pictures of the little negroes (sp, 7) and his favorite dogs. I know he would never think of sending his own or Ma's.

Chattanooga during the Civil War

Nothing new. Virgil(8) keeps well - both of us are far and hearty, in far better health than we were before. The army has made men of both of us. I believe we can stand almost everything.

The army lies still - it is impossible to move at this season on account of the roads. We are about to be mounted. The men are all anxious to be on horseback and placed under Morgan(9). I think we will probably be mounted. I greatly prefer being with Infantry but will go with the Brigade. I have not been promoted - was offered it but refused because I would have been separated from men whom I love and who have every confidence in me.

We are about electing members of congress - the army has to vote - or rather [illegible] soldiers. My name was placed before the Convention for our District but I refused to let it be used. I shall leave the army for nothing so long as the war shall last(10).

Love to all - a good, warm kiss to all the children - Lil and Lucy(11) are of course included among the children. In which direction from Liberty(12) is Mr. Hopkins' farm?

Good Bye
Fayette

Notes:
(1) There is no location included with the letter, but General Breckenridge fought the battle of Missionary Ridge in Chattanooga, TN, on Nov. 25, 1863, and afterward his army had retreated toward Dalton, GA.

(2) Wilson C. Hewitt, born 1816, one of Charlotte Hewitt Hancock's older brothers.

(3) Bedford County, Virginia, just northwest of Lynchburg, where both the Hancock and Hewitt families lived, although Fayette's father, Robert, had moved to Kentucky with his own father and many of his siblings before Fayette's birth.

(4) Given the rampant inflation at the time, it is very difficult to adjust this to "modern" dollars, but this would be around $320 for a pair of shoes and $535 for a pair of boots.

(5) Fox Hewitt, Fayette's youngest brother and the youngest son of Robert and Eliza (Chastain) Hewitt. He was a clerk  in the Treasury Department of the Confederacy until May 1863 when he joined the 25th VA Battalion and served on the fortifications of Richmond for the remainder of the war.

(6) Hannibal Hewitt (seriously, what's with these names?!), the second son of Robert and Eliza (Chastain) Hewitt. I don't know anything about his service record. It seems he was at home in Kentucky, at least at the time this letter was written.

(7) I maintained the original language, with humble apologies to anyone who is offended. It gives me some hope to realize that the children mentioned here were so close to freedom that they likely would never remember the days of slavery.

(8) Virgil Hewitt, third son of Robert and Eliza (Chastain) Hewitt. He served with General Ben Hardin Helm, and in October 1863 he was made Adjutant of the 6th Regiment, fighting in the Battle of Chickamauga (see his own letter).

(9) Not sure to whom Fayette refers. There was a General John Hunt Morgan who led a foolhardy raid into Ohio in 1863. He was a Kentuckian, a cavalryman, and served under General Bragg (with whom Fayette was at the time). However, Morgan had only recently escaped from a Union prison in Ohio (at the end of November), and was in more-or-less disgrace at the time. He was killed in September of 1864.

(10) After the war, Fayette served as State Auditor and Quartermaster General for Kentucky.

(11) Not certain who Lil and Lucy are. I would assume cousins, but whose children I'm not sure. Ammon and Charlotte (Hewitt) Hancock had a daughter named Lily, but she was born in 1864, so presumably she's not the person intended. Ammon had a sister named Lucy, who is living with the family in 1870. She would not have been a blood relative of Fayette, but perhaps she was living with the family during the war, so he knew her?

(12) Liberty was the previous name for Bedford City, Virginia

Letter from Fox Hewitt to Charlotte Hewitt Hancock. Fox Hewitt was the youngest son of Robert and Elizabeth Chastain Hewitt. He was a clerk  in the Treasury Department of the Confederacy until May 1863 when he joined the 25th VA Battalion and served on the fortifications of Richmond for the remainder of the war. (At least, that's what his cousin remembered, but note that this letter suggests that he's working in the Treasury Department still in 1864.)

Richmond, Virginia

December 15, 1864

My dear Aunt,

Your kind letter would have been answered sooner but that I have been very busy at the Office. The rest of the clerks in this Office have been detailed for 30 days from the field and we are working very hard to get up the work of the Department which is a long ways behind.

Mildred(1) treated me badly about her wedding by not inviting me, nor letting me know it was to take place. Your letter was my first intimation of it. You can tell her for me when you see her that I never intend to speak to her again, and that I don't care if she breaks her leg [illegible] so that she may be a fit companion for that husband of hers.

Richmond in 1865, after it was recaptured by the U.S. Army

I had a short note from Virgil(2) today from Columbus, Georgia, on his way to the army. He has not entirely recovered but was anxious to be on duty again, though he had a delightful time wherever he had been staying lately, being almost taken possession of by the ladies, I have heard. The Georgia ladies are exceedingly kind to him. I am told Fayette(3) is very popular among them also. He is at present sick at Newman(4), though not seriously ill. Virgil will not go back to his Regiment but goes on duty during the winter at least with Col. Cofer, who is Provost Marshal General of Hood's Army. He will be assistant to the Col. The position will be easy, pleasant and safe - no danger at all. Col. C. is on the Staff of the Commanding General. Virgil has induced Fayette to accept a similar position with the Col. who will shortly issue the order detailing him.

Fayette's health is so bad that he has not been with the Brigade for several weeks, and I am fearful his health has been permanently injured by his last arduous campaign.

I am very grateful, my kind aunt, for your very warm and cordial invitation to spend the Christmas with you. Schwarzman's(5) family made me promise last summer that I would pay a visit to them at that time. If I leave here at all I will have to go there, but there is so much work to be done in the next few weeks in the Office that I have not much expectation of being able to leave here for a single day. Nonetheless thanks to you dear Auntie, for your kindness. It would indeed be a great relief and happiness to be with you for a short time, but I will have to put it off until some other time, soon I hope.

There has been no truce boat for two months, consequently no letters from home.

I enjoyed myself very much while Burkett was here and regretted he could not stay with me longer. How long did he remain with you?

What are Brud [word not quite legible] and Tex doing now? Love to them, Uncle Wils, if with you, and the boys (6).

A merry Christmas to all of you, especially Miss Lily(7).

Your affectionate nephew,

Fox Hewitt

Notes:

(1) A relative? An ex? I have no idea if he's honestly upset or just joking

(2) Virgil Hewitt, Fox's younger brother and third son of Robert and Eliza (Chastain) Hewitt. He served with General Ben Hardin Helm, and in October 1863 he was made Adjutant of the 6th Regiment, fighting in the Battle of Chickamauga (see his own letter).  He was wounded at the Battle of Dallas, near Dallas, Georgia, May 26, 1864. 

(3) Fayette Hewitt, eldest son of Robert and Eliza (Chastain) Hewitt. Fayette served adjutant-general in the trans-Mississippi department under "President" Davis, and then under General Breckenridge.

(4) Probably this should be Newnan, GA, just southwest of Atlanta. General John Bell Hood, who had lost a leg at the Battle of Chickamagua the year before, was the general in charge of defending Atlanta from General Sherman. Atlanta had been liberated September 2, 1864 (or had fallen, I suppose, depending on one's perspective), just a couple of months before this letter was written. From then through December, Hood was engaged in the Tennessee Campaign, trying to cut Sherman's supply lines from Ohio. Since Sherman was heading in the opposite direction, and was perfectly happy to live off the land, this was not much of a problem. Hood would have been near Nashville at the time this letter was written. Col. Cofer, mentioned here, was probably Col. Martin Cofer of the 6th Regiment Kentucky Mounted Infantry. Couldn't find much information about where exactly they were in the fall/winter of 1864.

(5) A friend?

(6) Yeah, no idea who Burkett, Brud, or Tex are. Uncle Wils is Wilson C. Hewitt, born 1816, one of Charlotte Hewitt Hancock's older brothers, and "the boys", presumably are James, Earnest, and Edwin Hancock, the sons of Ammon and Charlotte Hewitt Hancock. Fox mentions there have been no truce boats, and therefore no letters from home. His immediate family lived in Kentucky, which by this time was entirely in Union hands.

(7) Ammon and Charlotte Hewitt Hancock's youngest child, Lily Hancock Thornhill, born that year. She was the one who preserved these letters.

Ammon Goode Hancock

Ammon Goode Hancock
A bad copy of a copy of a photograph handed down by
my Great Aunt Lillian, his great-granddaughter

I'm going to post biographical sketches of my ancestors as I fill in their wikitree.com pages, so I can use the blog as a way of organizing the information and creating a more coherent narrative. I'm currently working on the Hancock line, so let's start with my great-great-great-grandfather, Ammon Goode Hancock.

The Hancock line is Virginian. Like really, really Virginian. As in, we-go-back-to-Jamestown Virginian. They definitely count as family "skeletons in the closet": they were Southern gentry, slave-owners, and supporters of the Confederacy. 

Harriet Walden Hancock
Another awful copy

Ammon Goode Hancock was born April 17, 1815 in Bedford County, Virginia, an area just west of Lynchburg. Unfortunately, this is too early for the U.S. Census to list people individually, but his father, Justus Hancock, was living in the southern census district of Bedford County in 1820 (1). Based on the ages of the people enumerated in the census, it appears Ammon, who was the oldest child, was living with his father, his mother Harriet Walden Hancock, his brother Johnathan, and his sister, Martha. Ammon would later have another brother and sister, Daniel (name uncertain) and Lucy. That census also shows four slaves: two young boys, and a man and a woman in the 14-26 age range. We don't know their names, but in 1846, after his father's death, Ammon sold 3 or 4 slaves as Justus's executor. In a newspaper advertisement for the upcoming sale (a rather cold-blooded word for

Again with the awful copies

forceably removing a person from their home and, potentially, their family), one of the women is described as "valuable" because she was a good cook, weaver, and washer. Perhaps this was the 14-26 year old woman of the 1820 census?


The 1973 Historic Map of Bedford County, which includes information from 1750-1865, shows multiple Hancock farms south of Flint Hill, off Goose Creek (2). I don't know which of these farms belonged to Justus.

Ammon's unusual name comes from his paternal grandmother, Ann Ammon Hancock, and was repeated many times in the family. His middle name, Goode, may come from John Goode (or another member of that family), whose farm is visible on the historic map, east of Lowry, near the small town of Goode. I don't know if there was any connection by marriage or descent between the families. Other names appear on the map that are prominent in Hancock family records, for example, Read and Fuqua. Clearly, these were the prominent families of the county.

Close-up of the historic map. Click to enlarge.

Ammon (or at least someone Ammon's age) appears in the household of Justus Hancock through the 1840 census, always living in southern Bedford County (3). We don't know much about his childhood, however, his sister, Martha (Hancock) Wheat kept a journal beginning in 1850. I have not read the journal myself, but it was the subject of an interesting academic paper on evangelical women in rural Virginia (17). Martha was born again as a young woman, during a wave of evangelization in the 1840s, and married an equally pious man. Her journal states that she attended school at the Antioch Methodist church, but, like many of the Virginian founding fathers, such as Washington and Jefferson, Justus Hancock was only nominally Christian. This indifference toward institutional religion appears to have continued in her brothers, as well, since Martha relates attempts to convert her brothers' households. Her spelling, grammar, and penmanship show her to have been better educated than the average woman of her time and station. Ammon, therefore, grew up in a family that valued education for all of its children, although it did not much value religion.

Ammon's father died in April of 1845. As mentioned above, Ammon was the executor of his will, and probably spent a good deal of time putting his affairs into order. He was also beginning his own business and tobacco plantation, as we can see by the events of the 1850s.

1903 Advertisement for Hancock Bros. Co.
This comes from Lynchburghistory.com, which charges
way too much for their images, so I screen-shot it and
we'll just have to put up with the watermark.

I cannot find Ammon in the 1850 census. His mother, Harriet, is still living in Bedford with her two youngest children (4). Ammon may have been in and out of Campbell county, setting up his own plantation. According to an early 20th century advertisement from Lynchburg, Ammon founded the Hancock Tobacco Company in 1851, around the time he married Charlotte Elizabeth Hewitt, in Bedford County, on July 1. D.P. Read was their surety (5). Ammon was 36, and Charlotte was 26. She came from a French Huguenot family that also had deep roots in Virginia, and she had grown up in Bedford County.

Around 1853, Ammon built a large factory at the end of Cabell street, in Lynchburg. The factory is still standing, as part of the historic Daniel's Hill neighborhood. (6). Later, around 1855, Ammon and Charlotte built a home on the same lot as the factory. The Daniel's Hill neighborhood first opened up in the mid-1840s, when a large plantation from a century earlier was divided into plots and sold, mostly to wealthy businessmen and landowners. A number of 19th century mansions still line the streets, but the cross streets - one of which is named Hancock St. - were filled with "vernacular architecture" (aka shacks) for the people who worked in the big houses and the factory. The neighborhood was one of the most well-to-do suburbs of the city.

Charlotte Elizabeth Hewitt Hancock

Lynchburg, at the time, was booming. By 1850, it had the second-highest per capita income of any city in the nation. The reason for this was tobacco (and, apparently, the first mass-produced, mass-marketed enema). Lynchburg was a transportation hub, where the railroads met and trade boomed between the North and the South.

Despite their house in a fashionable neighborhood, the Hancock family didn't live in the city of Lynchburg year-round. It appears they spent the summer on their plantation in Campbell County, just south of Lynchburg. In both the 1860 and 1870 censuses, the growing family is shown as living in Campbell County (7)(8), and not until 1880 did the census taker actually find them on Cabell St.(9). An 1860s map of Campbell County shows the Hancock plantation in the far east of the county. They were presumably growing tobacco.

The 1860 census recorded Ammon and Charlotte and three sons: James, Ernest Justus (my great-great grandfather), and Edwin (7). Two other whites were living in the household, an R.L. Bigby (male) and an E. Roberts (female). They may have been boarders, employees, tenants, or family.

In addition to the white household, Ammon's slaves were recorded on the 1860 slave schedule (but he is not on the 1850 slave schedule)(10). He is listed as having three "slave houses" (I put that in quotes because I'm not sure what it means, in terms of actual accommodations), with a total of 34 slaves. These men, women, and children ranged in age from 6 to 50 years of age, but the vast majority were under 25, most in mid-adolescence. Their names are not listed, we only have their age and their color, but we can imagine their lives were difficult, and the large number of young people suggests many had been taken from their families far too young. It's painful to see a list of 12 year old children and know they were probably crying themselves to sleep at night, as were their mothers.

The article about Martha (Hancock) Wheat, mentioned above, confirms that the ownership of 34 people put Ammon Hancock among the economic elite of the city. Although most white landowners in the area did own slaves, the vast majority owned fewer than five people.

Ammon and Charlotte with their three youngest children (l-r)
Edwin (Ned), Ernest, and Lilly. Around 1865.
Even by standards of the day, their expressions are pretty
miserable. Must be their guilty consciences.

Presumably, the statistics that tout Lynchburg's per capita wealth didn't include slaves as "capita". Their labor produced the tobacco that fueled the economic boom - and the wealth of the upper class - but they did not share in that wealth.

Ammon was 46 years old when the Civil War began in 1861. His sons would have been 9, 7, and 4. (The last child, a daughter named Lily, was born near the end of the war, in 1864.) I have very little information about the Hancock family during the war. Ammon appears on a list of privates in the Lynchburg Rifles (11). However, since he had cousins and nephews who were also named Ammon Hancock, it is possible that he is not the person in the war record. We know from letters written to Charlotte that three of her Hewitt nephews were officers in the war, on the Confederate side.

Ammon's sons, Edward, Ernest, and James
Late 1860s?

Unsurprisingly, given its importance as a transportation and trade hub, Lynchburg became a critical resupply and hospital location for the Confederacy. It even served as the state capital for four days, April 6-10, 1865, which history buffs will recognize as the time between the abandonment of Richmond and Lee's defeat at Appomattox. The largest women-run hospital in the Confederacy, the Ladies' Relief Hospital, was in Lynchburg (12). I cannot find documents from that hospital, but it is possible that Charlotte and Ammon's sisters volunteered there.

The Battle of Lynchburg was fought just outside of town in June of 1864. Jubal Early, the Confederate commander, used the local population to mislead the Union commanders into believing they were outnumbered, eventually pushing them into retreat. Early ran a train up and down the line, while the population stood at the station and cheered, as if they were receiving reinforcements. The local prostitutes also helped by misleading their Union clients with false reports of reinforcements (13). We will probably never know if the Hancock family participated in that battle, or in the deception, in any way.

Historic photograph of the Hancock Tobacco Factory.
This was also taken from lynchburghistory.com with watermark

What we do know is that Ammon was not financially or personally ruined by the loss of his free labor supply, or by the ravages of war. In 1865 he signed a loyalty oath and received a pardon from President Andrew Johnson (14). In the 1870 census, he reported land holding worth $2,500 (about $50, 000 in today's money), and a personal estate of $1,800 ($32,000). Not bad for someone who, only five years earlier, had backed the losing side in a war, and as a result lost control over the people upon whom he relied for free labor. I suspect the former slaves who had earned him that fortune were considerably less well off.

One indication of changed circumstances can be seen in the 1870 census. Ammon and Charlotte are living with Ammon's mother, Harriet, who was 75 at the time, and with his sister, Lucy V. (Hancock) Haynes, 34, who was presumably widowed, although I have not found any information about her husband. The household also had one Black servant, Mary Shelton, aged 25, from Virginia.

Historic photo of the Hancock house in Lynchburg
lynchburghistory.com

By 1880, the family's circumstances may have improved further, although the family didn't report their net worth in that census. In addition to the family, and Harriet, another ten people are living in the household, or perhaps are tenants in small workers lodgings around the house and factory. These additional people include one white grocer, Walter H. Wilson, 24, and two married couples, William and Laura Carter, and Humphrey and Frances Sherman. William and Laura Carter were 50 and 40 years old, respectively. William was a black man who worked in the tobacco factory (presumably the Hancock Company factory), and his wife, who was described as mulatto, worked as a servant. Humphrey Sherman, age 62, was a servant, as was Frances Sherman, age 35. Both are listed as married, but given their age differences, it is possible that Frances was Humphrey's daughter, rather than his wife. Humphrey was categorized as Black, Frances as mulatto. Another Black woman, Sallie Johnson, 28, worked as a servant and was listed as married, but her husband doesn't appear on the census record as part of this household. A single young woman, Laura Preston, 23, working as a servant, was also Black. Finally, Mourning Paige, 100, a widow, Black, was living in the household. Charlotte's grandmother's name was Mourning, and I wonder if there is a connection. If all of the people listed as servants were actually working for the Hancocks (which isn't necessarily the case), then they had seven servants.

Google maps image of the Hancock factory today

Another change had occurred by 1880: Their second son, Ernest Justus, then 25, was no longer living with the family. James, the eldest, was living with his father and working in the family business. He's listed in the 1880 census as married, although his wife does not appear on the census roll as a member of the household, unless his wife is Sallie Johnson. Edward and Lilly, ages 23 and 16, are also still at home, with Edward working in the family business and Lilly in school. Ernest Justus, however, had emigrated to Whidby Island, Washington, in 1879. Although he returned home briefly in the early 1880s, he moved west permanently in 1883 (15).

Ammon Goode Hancock died May 15, 1888, in Lynchburg (16). The Lynchburg Daily Virginian has no fewer than three obituaries listed for him in their index. However, they charge far too much for a copy, so I have not read them. Ammon was buried in Spring Hill cemetery. Ernest Justus, with new wife and child in tow, traveled across the country to help his brothers settle the estate. The family business lived on for many years, as did his wife, Charlotte, who died in 1894.

Monument for Ammon and Charlotte Hancock
Photo from http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=5608949&PIpi=5143818

UPDATE: My mother called to tell me she has Ammon's original pardon from President Johnson, a huge certificate that is (apparently) actually signed by the president. This prompted me to look into Confederate pardons. Surely the president didn't have to sign a certificate for every able-bodies man in the Confederacy? Turns out, no, most ordinary soldiers could just take an oath and be done, but certain individuals had to appeal directly to the president (ex., higher-ranking officers, West Point graduates who had defected to the Confederacy, and citizens with personal value over $20,000). Since Ammon had a personal fortune over $20,000, he wrote a petition to President Johnson. It's a two-page document detailing his role in the war, which is available through an on-line database. I'm sure it will be fascinating, once I figure out how to read the horrible handwriting. Hopefully, I'll have more on this later.

References:

1.  "United States Census, 1820", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHLC-TSW : accessed 27 October 2015), Justus Hancock, 1820.

2. The map

3. "United States Census, 1830," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XH54-LYN : accessed 27 October 2015), Justus Hancock, Bedford, Virginia, United States; citing 139, NARA microfilm publication M19, (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 194; FHL microfilm 29,673.; and "United States Census, 1840," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XHBM-ZQK : accessed 27 October 2015), Justice Hancock, Southern District, Bedford, Virginia, United States; citing p. 258, NARA microfilm publication M704, (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 550; FHL microfilm 29,683.

4.  "United States Census, 1850," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M88P-K7F : accessed 27 October 2015), Harriet S Hancock, Bedford county, Bedford, Virginia, United States; citing family 607, NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

5. http://www.vagenweb.org/bedford/bedf-m_h.htm

6. "Daniel's Hill Historic District", National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form.

7.  "United States Census, 1860," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M41F-4JY : accessed 25 September 2015), A G Hancock, Western District, Campbell, Virginia, United States; from "1860 U.S. Federal Census - Population," database, Fold3.com (http://www.fold3.com : n.d.); citing p. 7, household ID 43, NARA microfilm publication M653 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 805,338.

8.  "United States Census, 1870," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLK-NVT : accessed 25 September 2015), S G Hancock, Virginia, United States; citing p. 62, family 468, NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 553,137.

9. "United States Census, 1880," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MCPP-H7P : accessed 1 October 2015), Jennie Davis in household of Ammon G Hancock, Lynchburg, Campbell, Virginia, United States; citing enumeration district 194, sheet 378D, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 1359; FHL microfilm 1,255,359.

10. 1860 slave schedule

11. http://files.usgwarchives.net/va/campbell/military/history01.txt

12. http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/lynchburg_during_the_civil_war#start_entry

13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lynchburg

14.  http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/civil-war.htm

15. "An Illustrated History of the State of Washington" by Harvey Kimball Hines, p. 568

16. "Virginia, Deaths and Burials, 1853-1912," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:X5YY-7L7 : accessed 25 September 2015), Ammon G. Hancock, 15 May 1888; citing Lynchburg, Campbell, Virginia, reference Image #236; FHL microfilm 2,048,589.

17. Kierner, Cynthia A. 1992. Woman's Piety within Patriarchy: The Religious Life of Martha Hancock Wheat of Bedford County. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100:79-98.